home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- <text id=94TT0632>
- <title>
- May 16, 1994: Computers:A Blue Chip Case of Blues
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1994
- May 16, 1994 "There are no devils...":Rwanda
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- COMPUTERS, Page 71
- A Blue Chip Case of Blues
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> As the crisis eases at IBM, departures and dissent keep the
- company in turmoil
- </p>
- <p>By John Greenwald--Reported by Bernard Baumohl and Thomas McCarroll/New York and
- David S. Jackson/San Francisco
- </p>
- <p> Will the real IBM please stand up? In recent weeks the struggling
- computer giant has stunned Wall Street with surprisingly strong
- first-quarter profits and has watched its stock price soar.
- Along with those gains, Big Blue has rolled out lines of powerful
- business computers that the company hopes will help to spearhead
- its comeback over the long haul; the versatile large and midsize
- machines can handle anything from banking transactions to running
- factory floors. "I think the worst is behind IBM," says Richard
- Zwetchkenbaum, who watches the firm for International Data Corp.
- John Coyle, a computer analyst for Standard & Poor's, concurs:
- "This is a better IBM company, one that is focused on increasing
- shareholder value."
- </p>
- <p> And yet IBM remains tormented, as factions within the world's
- largest computer maker (revenues: $63 billion) fight for its
- very soul. Just last week Robert Corrigan, 53, whom IBM watchers
- credit with turning around the company's vital personal-computer
- business, abruptly declared he would take early retirement next
- month. The announcement marked the second high-level departure
- in as many weeks. Earlier, Gerald Czarnecki resigned as the
- IBM executive in charge of slashing the company's bloated work
- force and unbuttoning its culture, amid reports that he had
- been proceeding too slowly to please his superiors.
- </p>
- <p> Worse yet, critics question whether IBM has truly developed
- a plan that will enable it to compete in the long run against
- feisty and fast-moving rivals at home and abroad. While chairman
- Louis Gerstner, 52, has revamped the company's finances in remarkably
- short order since he arrived a year ago from RJR Nabisco, observers
- both inside and outside IBM remain concerned about his lack
- of computer savvy. (At his first press conference after being
- named IBM chairman, Gerstner conceded that he did not know the
- brand of laptop he used.) Charles Ferguson, a consultant based
- in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and co-author of the book Computer
- Wars, argues that IBM under Gerstner still clings to outmoded
- technology out of fear of alienating its vast base of existing
- customers who have invested heavily in the older systems. "Somewhere
- between one and four years from now the company is going to
- enter another period of crisis that will be technological, and
- not fixable by financial and organizational changes," Ferguson
- predicts.
- </p>
- <p> Gerstner is candid about the dissension within IBM's ranks as
- he seeks to rebuild the glory of a once all but invincible firm
- that has lost nearly $16 billion over the past three years.
- "There are still some very, very senior people in this company
- that I don't think have bought into the new IBM," Gerstner told
- Time in an interview last month. According to a recent survey
- of IBM executives, "We've got half of our senior management
- group that is excited and committed, first to the need for change
- and second to the type of changes that we're beginning to implement
- here. And then we've got another half that is in what can best
- be described as a denial phase, or a `Well, I'm O.K., but everybody
- else is a problem.' So they haven't bought into the concept
- that they want to be part of the solution."
- </p>
- <p> The solution has so far been excruciating to many inside the
- company. In the past year IBM has shuttered plants, sold a division
- that made military and aerospace equipment, and phased out 45,000
- jobs, or 15% of the work force. Such painful reductions have
- pared $2.8 billion from IBM's expenses, and were the main reason
- behind its $392 million profit in the recent first quarter.
- The bloodletting hasn't ended yet: the company plans to cut
- an additional 35,000 workers over the next two years.
- </p>
- <p> Gerstner has been no kinder to hallowed IBM traditions than
- to workers who have lost their jobs. Upon his arrival he swiftly
- dismantled a 10-member top-management committee that often stifled
- action, and began talking directly to employees through electronic
- mail. At the same time, Gerstner scrapped former chairman John
- Akers' plan to chop IBM into thirteen units that would function
- as nearly autonomous companies and thereby gain some of the
- responsiveness that comes with smaller size. But Gerstner, who
- last week reorganized his sales force, estimated at 40,000,
- along industry lines to try to match up with customers' needs
- rather than their geographic location, believes that big can
- work too if everyone pulls together. "We're a team," Gerstner
- says, "and at the end of the day there's only one scoreboard
- up there, and our only name on the scoreboard is IBM."
- </p>
- <p> Gerstner's freewheeling style has prompted some lightning-fast
- decisions that might never have been made under past IBM regimes.
- In a little-publicized meeting last month with Chinese Vice
- Premier Zou Jiahua at the company's headquarters in Armonk,
- New York, Gerstner sensed that a tentative agreement was about
- to stall out over small but unresolved details. Instead of haggling,
- Gerstner declared, "There's no need for further study. We want
- to implement; we want to do things. I want action. Let's sign
- the agreement." That blunt approach won Zou over. Result: IBM
- and China last week unveiled a deal calling for the American
- company to link about 500 Chinese cities in a nationwide data
- network.
- </p>
- <p> But the fate of IBM will ultimately rest on its ability to outpace
- smaller and so far nimbler competitors like Compaq and Dell
- Computer. To return to full health, IBM must breathe new life
- into its most important business: large mainframe computers,
- whose sales collapse in the 1980s brought on the company's crisis.
- IBM must also maintain the vitality of its so-called minicomputers,
- which can perform some of the same functions as mainframes but
- are less costly. In its latest lines of computers, however,
- IBM has displayed not so much a fully formed vision of the future
- as an extension of past models aimed at bridging the gap between
- the company's older machines and those still to come.
- </p>
- <p> Take the new generation of mainframes that IBM rolled out last
- month amid considerable fanfare. After five years of development
- and $1 billion of capital investment, the latest models replace
- bulky and outmoded systems with a design based on arrays of
- microprocessors--tiny computers on a chip--that can handle
- vast numbers of instructions simultaneously. But while these
- models are cheaper than the previous ones and can serve as hubs
- for the networks of PCs that many companies now favor, they
- are based on older microprocessors, rather than the souped-up
- PowerPC chips that IBM has been developing with Apple and Motorola.
- </p>
- <p> The new chip itself has provoked bitter conflict within IBM.
- Among other things, IBM hoped the PowerPC would break the stranglehold
- that Intel has on the production of chips for IBM-compatible
- personal computers. The partners also sought to end the dominance
- of Microsoft as far and away the largest provider of the operating
- system, or master software, that runs the IBM compatibles. But
- Corrigan had loudly doubted the wisdom of the PowerPC strategy
- before he stepped down as head of the personal-computer business
- last week, arguing that Intel and Microsoft were too entrenched
- to be dislodged by the new chip.
- </p>
- <p> The controversy provides a vivid example of the crosscurrents
- that roil IBM. It has a motley collection of computers and software
- that fail to fit comfortably together. IBM solved a similar
- problem in the 1960s when it launched a family of computers
- called the System/360, which were all compatible with one another.
- "IBM has to find a way to pull its product lines together into
- a coherent whole," says Stewart Alsop, editor in chief of the
- trade journal InfoWorld. "That's the question about Gerstner:
- Does this guy know enough about computers to know what makes
- a good product?" Microsoft chairman Bill Gates, who is both
- a supplier and a rival for IBM, puts it more delicately. "I
- don't think it's clear where IBM will be in three to five years,"
- Gates says, "but they've made a lot of progress in adjusting
- their cost structure and getting a new focus."
- </p>
- <p> Critics derided Gerstner last summer for proclaiming that "the
- last thing IBM needs right now is a vision." These days, at
- least, no one doubts that Gerstner is in pursuit of one.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-